Human in the Loop

The algorithm knows you better than you know yourself. It knows you prefer aisle seats on morning flights. It knows you'll pay extra for hotels with rooftop bars. It knows that when you travel to coastal cities, you always book seafood restaurants for your first night. And increasingly, it knows where you're going before you've consciously decided.

Welcome to the age of AI-driven travel personalisation, where artificial intelligence doesn't just respond to your preferences but anticipates them, curates them, and in some uncomfortable ways, shapes them. As generative AI transforms how we plan and experience travel, we're witnessing an unprecedented convergence of convenience and surveillance that raises fundamental questions about privacy, autonomy, and the serendipitous discoveries that once defined the joy of travel.

The Rise of the AI Travel Companion

The transformation has been swift. According to research from Oliver Wyman, 41% of nearly 2,100 consumers from the United States and Canada reported using generative AI tools for travel inspiration or itinerary planning in March 2024, up from 34% in August 2023. Looking forward, 58% of respondents said they are likely to use the technology again for future trips, with that number jumping to 82% among recent generative AI users.

What makes this shift remarkable isn't just the adoption rate but the depth of personalisation these systems now offer. Google's experimental AI-powered itinerary generator creates bespoke travel plans based on user prompts, offering tailored suggestions for flights, hotels, attractions, and dining. Platforms like Mindtrip, Layla.ai, and Wonderplan have emerged as dedicated AI travel assistants, each promising to understand not just what you want but who you are as a traveller.

These platforms represent a qualitative leap from earlier recommendation engines. Traditional systems relied primarily on collaborative filtering or content-based filtering. Modern AI travel assistants employ large language models capable of understanding nuanced requests like “I want somewhere culturally rich but not touristy, with good vegetarian food and within four hours of London by train.” The system doesn't just match keywords; it comprehends context, interprets preferences, and generates novel recommendations.

The business case is compelling. McKinsey research indicates that companies excelling in personalisation achieve 40% more revenue than their competitors, whilst personalised offers can increase customer satisfaction by approximately 20%. Perhaps most tellingly, 76% of customers report frustration when they don't receive personalised interactions. The message to travel companies is clear: personalise or perish.

Major industry players have responded aggressively. Expedia has integrated more than 350 AI models throughout its marketplace, leveraging what the company calls its most valuable asset: 70 petabytes of traveller information stored on AWS cloud. “Data is our heartbeat,” the company stated, and that heartbeat now pulses through every recommendation, every price adjustment, every nudge towards booking.

Booking Holdings has implemented AI to refine dynamic pricing models, whilst Airbnb employs machine learning to analyse past bookings, browsing behaviour, and individual preferences to retarget customers with personalised marketing campaigns. In a significant development, OpenAI launched third-party integrations within ChatGPT allowing users to research and book trips directly through the chatbot using real-time data from Expedia and Booking.com.

The revolution extends beyond booking platforms. According to McKinsey's 2024 survey of more than 5,000 travellers across China, Germany, the UAE, the UK, and the United States, 43% of travellers used AI to book accommodations, search for leisure activities, and look for local transportation. The technology has moved from novelty to necessity, with travel organisations potentially boosting revenue growth by 15-20% if they fully leverage digital and AI analytics opportunities.

McKinsey found that 66% of travellers surveyed said they are more interested in travel now than before the COVID-19 pandemic, with millennials and Gen Z travellers particularly enthusiastic about AI-assisted planning. These younger cohorts are travelling more and spending a higher share of their income on travel than their older counterparts, making them prime targets for AI personalisation strategies.

Yet beneath this veneer of convenience lies a more complex reality. The same algorithms that promise perfect holidays are built on foundations of extensive data extraction, behavioural prediction, and what some scholars have termed “surveillance capitalism” applied to tourism.

The Data Extraction Machine

To deliver personalisation, AI systems require data. Vast quantities of it. And the travel industry has become particularly adept at collection.

Every interaction leaves a trail. When you search for flights, the system logs your departure flexibility, price sensitivity, and willingness to book. When you browse hotels, it tracks how long you linger on each listing, which photographs you zoom in on, which amenities matter enough to filter for. When you book a restaurant, it notes your cuisine preferences, party size, and typical spending range. When you move through your destination, GPS data maps your routes, dwell times, and unplanned diversions.

Tourism companies are now linking multiple data sources to “complete the customer picture”, which may include family situation, food preferences, travel habits, frequently visited destinations, airline and hotel preferences, loyalty programme participation, and seating choices. According to research on smart tourism systems, this encompasses tourists' demographic information, geographic locations, transaction information, biometric information, and both online and real-life behavioural information.

A single traveller's profile might combine booking history from online travel agencies, click-stream data showing browsing patterns, credit card transaction data revealing spending habits, loyalty programme information, social media activity, mobile app usage patterns, location data from smartphone GPS, biometric data from airport security, and even weather preferences inferred from booking patterns across different climates.

This holistic profiling enables unprecedented predictive capabilities. Systems can forecast not just where you're likely to travel next but when, how much you'll spend, which ancillary services you'll purchase, and how likely you are to abandon your booking at various price points. In the language of surveillance capitalism, these become “behavioural futures” that can be sold to advertisers, insurers, and other third parties seeking to profit from predicted actions.

The regulatory landscape attempts to constrain this extraction. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which entered into full enforcement in 2018, applies to any travel or transportation services provider collecting or processing data about an EU citizen. This includes travel management companies, hotels, airlines, ground transportation services, booking tools, global distribution systems, and companies booking travel for employees.

Under GDPR, as soon as AI involves the use of personal data, the regulation is triggered and applies to such AI processing. The EU framework does not distinguish between private and publicly available data, offering more protection than some other jurisdictions. Implementing privacy by design has become essential, requiring processing as little personal data as possible, keeping it secure, and processing it only where there is a genuine need.

Yet compliance often functions more as a cost of doing business than a genuine limitation. The travel industry has experienced significant data breaches that reveal the vulnerability of collected information. In 2024, Marriott agreed to pay a $52 million settlement in the United States related to the massive Marriott-Starwood breach that affected 383 million guests. The same year, Omni Hotels & Resorts suffered a major cyberattack on 29 March that forced multiple IT systems offline, disrupting reservations, payment processing, and digital room key access.

The MGM Resorts breach in 2023 demonstrated the operational impact beyond data theft, leaving guests stranded in lobbies when digital keys stopped working. When these systems fail, they fail comprehensively.

According to the 2025 Verizon Data Breach Investigations Report, cybercriminals targeting the hospitality sector most often rely on system intrusions, social engineering, and basic web application attacks, with ransomware featuring in 44% of breaches. The average cost of a hospitality data breach has climbed to $4.03 million in 2025, though this figure captures only direct costs and doesn't account for reputational damage or long-term erosion of customer trust.

These breaches aren't merely technical failures. They represent the materialisation of a fundamental privacy risk inherent in the AI personalisation model: the more data systems collect to improve recommendations, the more valuable and vulnerable that data becomes.

The situation is particularly acute for location data. More than 1,000 apps, including Yelp, Foursquare, Google Maps, Uber, and travel-specific platforms, use location tracking services. When users enable location tracking on their phones or in apps, they allow dozens of data-gathering companies to collect detailed geolocation data, which these companies then sell to advertisers.

One of the most common privacy violations is collecting or tracking a user's location without clearly asking for permission. Many users don't realise the implications of granting “always-on” access or may accidentally agree to permissions without full context. Apps often integrate third-party software development kits for analytics or advertising, and if these third parties access location data, users may unknowingly have their information sold or repurposed, especially in regions where privacy laws are less stringent.

The problem extends beyond commercial exploitation. Many apps use data beyond the initial intended use case, and oftentimes location data ends up with data brokers who aggregate and resell it without meaningful user awareness or consent. Information from GPS and geolocation tags, in combination with other personal information, can be utilised by criminals to identify an individual's present or future location, thus facilitating burglary and theft, stalking, kidnapping, and domestic violence. For public figures, journalists, activists, or anyone with reason to conceal their movements, location tracking represents a genuine security threat.

The introduction of biometric data collection at airports adds another dimension to privacy concerns. As of July 2022, U.S. Customs and Border Protection has deployed facial recognition technology at 32 airports for departing travellers and at all airports for arriving international travellers. The Transportation Security Administration has implemented the technology at 16 airports, including major hubs in Atlanta, Boston, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Los Angeles, and Miami.

Whilst CBP retains U.S. citizen photos for no more than 12 hours after identity verification, the TSA does retain photos of non-US citizens, allowing surveillance of non-citizens. Privacy advocates worry about function creep: biometric data collected for identity verification could be repurposed for broader surveillance.

Facial recognition technology can be less accurate for people with darker skin tones, women, and older adults, raising equity concerns about who is most likely to be wrongly flagged. Notable flaws include biases that often impact people of colour, women, LGBTQ people, and individuals with physical disabilities. These accuracy disparities mean that marginalised groups bear disproportionate burdens of false positives, additional screening, and the indignity of systems that literally cannot see them correctly.

Perhaps most troublingly, biometric data is irreplaceable. If biometric information such as fingerprints or facial recognition details are compromised, they cannot be reset like a password. Stolen biometric data can be used for identity theft, fraud, or other criminal activities. A private airline could sell biometric information to data brokers, who can then sell it to companies or governments.

SITA estimates that 70% of airlines expect to have biometric ID management in place by 2026, whilst 90% of airports are investing in major programmes or research and development in the area. The trajectory is clear: biometric data collection is becoming infrastructure, not innovation. What begins as optional convenience becomes mandatory procedure.

The Autonomy Paradox

The privacy implications are concerning enough, but AI personalisation raises equally profound questions about autonomy and decision-making. When algorithms shape what options we see, what destinations appear attractive, and what experiences seem worth pursuing, who is really making our travel choices?

Research on AI ethics and consumer protection identifies dark patterns as business practices employing elements of digital choice architecture that subvert or impair consumer autonomy, decision-making, or choice. The combination of AI, personal data, and dark patterns results in an increased ability to manipulate consumers.

AI can escalate dark patterns by leveraging its capabilities to learn from patterns and behaviours, personalising appeals specific to user sensitivities to make manipulative tactics seem less invasive. Dark pattern techniques undermine consumer autonomy, leading to financial losses, privacy violations, and reduced trust in digital platforms.

The widespread use of personalised algorithmic decision-making has raised ethical concerns about its impact on user autonomy. Digital platforms can use personalised algorithms to manipulate user choices for economic gain by exploiting cognitive biases, nudging users towards actions that align more with platform owners' interests than users' long-term well-being.

Consider dynamic pricing, a ubiquitous practice in travel booking. Airlines and hotels adjust prices based on demand, but AI-enhanced systems now factor in individual user data: your browsing history, your previous booking patterns, even the device you're using. If the algorithm determines you're price-insensitive or likely to book regardless of cost, you may see higher prices than another user searching for the same flight or room.

This practice, sometimes called “personalised pricing” or more critically “price discrimination”, raises questions about fairness and informed consent. Users rarely know they're seeing prices tailored to extract maximum revenue from their specific profile. The opacity of algorithmic pricing means travellers cannot easily determine whether they're receiving genuine deals or being exploited based on predicted willingness to pay.

The asymmetry of information is stark. The platform knows your entire booking history, your browsing behaviour, your price sensitivity thresholds, your typical response to scarcity messages, and your likelihood of abandoning a booking at various price points. You know none of this about the platform's strategy. This informational imbalance fundamentally distorts what economists call “perfect competition” and transforms booking into a game where only one player can see the board.

According to research, 65% of people see targeted promotions as a top reason to make a purchase, suggesting these tactics effectively influence behaviour. Scarcity messaging offers a particularly revealing example. “Three people are looking at this property” or “Price increased £20 since you last viewed” creates urgency that may or may not reflect reality. When these messages are personalised based on your susceptibility to urgency tactics, they cross from information provision into manipulation.

The possibility of behavioural manipulation calls for policies that ensure human autonomy and self-determination in any interaction between humans and AI systems. Yet regulatory frameworks struggle to keep pace with technological sophistication.

The European Union has attempted to address these concerns through the AI Act, which was published in the Official Journal on 12 July 2024 and entered into force on 1 August 2024. The Act introduces a risk-based regulatory framework for AI, mandating obligations for developers and providers according to the level of risk associated with each AI system.

Whilst the tourism industry is not explicitly called out as high-risk, the use of AI systems for tasks such as personalised travel recommendations based on behaviour analysis, sentiment analysis in social media, or facial recognition for security will likely be classified as high-risk. For use of prohibited AI systems, fines may be up to 7% of worldwide annual turnover, whilst noncompliance with requirements for high-risk AI systems will be subject to fines of up to 3% of turnover.

However, use of smart travel assistants, personalised incentives for loyalty scheme members, and solutions to mitigate disruptions will all be classified as low or limited risk under the EU AI Act. Companies using AI in these ways will have to adhere to transparency standards, but face less stringent regulation.

Transparency itself has become a watchword in discussions of AI ethics. The call is for transparent, explainable AI where users can comprehend how decisions affecting their travel are made. Tourists should know how their data is being collected and used, and AI systems should be designed to mitigate bias and make fair decisions.

Yet transparency alone may not suffice. Even when privacy policies disclose data practices, they're typically lengthy, technical documents that few users read or fully understand. According to an Apex report, a significant two-thirds of consumers worry about their data being misused. However, 62% of consumers might share more personal data if there's a discernible advantage, like tailored offers.

But is this exchange truly voluntary when the alternative is a degraded user experience or being excluded from the most convenient booking platforms? When 71% of consumers expect personalised experiences and 76% feel frustrated without them, according to McKinsey research, has personalisation become less a choice and more a condition of participation in modern travel?

The question of voluntariness deserves scrutiny. Consent frameworks assume roughly equal bargaining power and genuine alternatives. But when a handful of platforms dominate travel booking, when personalisation becomes the default and opting out requires technical sophistication most users lack, when privacy-protective alternatives don't exist or charge premium prices, can we meaningfully say users “choose” surveillance?

The Death of Serendipity

Beyond privacy and autonomy lies perhaps the most culturally significant impact of AI personalisation: the potential death of serendipity, the loss of unexpected discovery that has historically been central to the transformative power of travel.

Recommender systems often suffer from feedback loop phenomena, leading to the filter bubble effect that reinforces homogeneous content and reduces user satisfaction. Over-relying on AI for destination recommendations can create a situation where suggestions become too focused on past preferences, limiting exposure to new and unexpected experiences.

The algorithm optimises for predicted satisfaction based on historical data. If you've previously enjoyed beach holidays, it will recommend more beach holidays. If you favour Italian cuisine, it will surface Italian restaurants. This creates a self-reinforcing cycle where your preferences become narrower and more defined with each interaction.

But travel has traditionally been valuable precisely because it disrupts our patterns. The wrong turn that leads to a hidden plaza. The restaurant recommended by a stranger that becomes a highlight of your trip. The museum you only visited because it was raining and you needed shelter. These moments of serendipity cannot be algorithmically predicted because they emerge from chance, context, and openness to the unplanned.

Research on algorithmic serendipity explores whether AI-driven systems can introduce unexpected yet relevant content, breaking predictable patterns to encourage exploration and discovery. Large language models have shown potential in serendipity prediction due to their extensive world knowledge and reasoning capabilities.

A framework called SERAL was developed to address this challenge, and online experiments demonstrate improvements in exposure, clicks, and transactions of serendipitous items. It has been fully deployed in the “Guess What You Like” section of the Taobao App homepage. Context-aware algorithms factor in location, preferences, and even social dynamics to craft itineraries that are both personalised and serendipitous.

Yet there's something paradoxical about algorithmic serendipity. True serendipity isn't engineered or predicted; it's the absence of prediction. When an algorithm determines that you would enjoy something unexpected and then serves you that unexpected thing, it's no longer unexpected. It's been calculated, predicted, and delivered. The serendipity has been optimised out in the very act of trying to optimise it in.

Companies need to find a balance between targeted optimisation and explorative openness to the unexpected. Algorithms that only deliver personalised content can prevent new ideas from emerging, and companies must ensure that AI also offers alternative perspectives.

The filter bubble effect has broader cultural implications. If millions of travellers are all being guided by algorithms trained on similar data sets, we may see a homogenisation of travel experiences. The same “hidden gems” recommended to everyone. The same Instagram-worthy locations appearing in everyone's feeds. The same optimised itineraries walking the same optimised routes.

Consider what happens when an algorithm identifies an underappreciated restaurant or viewpoint and begins recommending it widely. Within months, it's overwhelmed with visitors, loses the character that made it special, and ultimately becomes exactly the sort of tourist trap the algorithm was meant to help users avoid. Algorithmic discovery at scale creates its own destruction.

This represents not just an individual loss but a collective one: the gradual narrowing of what's experienced, what's valued, and ultimately what's preserved and maintained in tourist destinations. If certain sites and experiences are never surfaced by algorithms, they may cease to be economically viable, leading to a feedback loop where algorithmic recommendation shapes not just what we see but what survives to be seen.

Local businesses that don't optimise for algorithmic visibility, that don't accumulate reviews on the platforms that feed AI recommendations, simply vanish from the digital map. They may continue to serve local communities, but to the algorithmically-guided traveller, they effectively don't exist. This creates evolutionary pressure for businesses to optimise for algorithm-friendliness rather than quality, authenticity, or innovation.

Towards a More Balanced Future

The trajectory of AI personalisation in travel is not predetermined. Technical, regulatory, and cultural interventions could shape a future that preserves the benefits whilst mitigating the harms.

Privacy-enhancing technologies (PETs) offer one promising avenue. PETs include technologies like differential privacy, homomorphic encryption, federated learning, and zero-knowledge proofs, designed to protect personal data whilst enabling valuable data use. Federated learning, in particular, allows parties to share insights from analysis on individual data sets without sharing data itself. This decentralised approach to machine learning trains AI models with data accessed on the user's device, potentially offering personalisation without centralised surveillance.

Whilst adoption in the travel industry remains limited, PETs have been successfully implemented in healthcare, finance, insurance, telecommunications, and law enforcement. Technologies like encryption and federated learning ensure that sensitive information remains protected even during international exchanges.

The promise of federated learning for travel is significant. Your travel preferences, booking patterns, and behavioural data could remain on your device, encrypted and under your control. AI models could be trained on aggregate patterns without any individual's data ever being centralised or exposed. Personalisation would emerge from local processing rather than surveillance. The technology exists. What's lacking is commercial incentive to implement it and regulatory pressure to require it.

Data minimisation represents another practical approach: collecting only the minimum amount of data necessary from users. When tour operators limit the data collected from customers, they reduce risk and potential exposure points. Beyond securing data, businesses must be transparent with customers about its use.

Some companies are beginning to recognise the value proposition of privacy. According to the Apex report, whilst 66% of consumers worry about data misuse, 62% might share more personal data if there's a discernible advantage. This suggests an opportunity for travel companies to differentiate themselves through stronger privacy protections, offering travellers the choice between convenience with surveillance or slightly less personalisation with greater privacy.

Regulatory pressure is intensifying. The EU AI Act's risk-based framework requires companies to conduct risk assessments and conformity assessments before using high-risk systems and to ensure there is a “human in the loop”. This mandates that consequential decisions cannot be fully automated but must involve human oversight and the possibility of human intervention.

The European Data Protection Board has issued guidance on facial recognition at airports, finding that the only storage solutions compatible with privacy requirements are those where biometric data is stored in the hands of the individual or in a central database with the encryption key solely in their possession. This points towards user-controlled data architectures that return agency to travellers.

Some advocates argue for a right to “analogue alternatives”, ensuring that those who opt out of AI-driven systems aren't excluded from services or charged premium prices for privacy. Just as passengers can opt out of facial recognition at airport security and instead go through standard identity verification, travellers should be able to access non-personalised booking experiences without penalty.

Addressing the filter bubble requires both technical and interface design interventions. Recommendation systems could include “exploration modes” that deliberately surface options outside a user's typical preferences. They could make filter bubble effects visible, showing users how their browsing history influences recommendations and offering easy ways to reset or diversify their algorithmic profile.

More fundamentally, travel platforms could reconsider optimisation metrics. Rather than purely optimising for predicted satisfaction or booking conversion, systems could incorporate diversity, novelty, and serendipity as explicit goals. This requires accepting that the “best” recommendation isn't always the one most likely to match past preferences.

Platforms could implement “algorithmic sabbaticals”, periodically resetting recommendation profiles to inject fresh perspectives. They could create “surprise me” features that deliberately ignore your history and suggest something completely different. They could show users the roads not taken, making visible the destinations and experiences filtered out by personalisation algorithms.

Cultural shifts matter as well. Travellers can resist algorithmic curation by deliberately seeking out resources that don't rely on personalisation: physical guidebooks, local advice, random exploration. They can regularly audit and reset their digital profiles, use privacy-focused browsers and VPNs, and opt out of location tracking when it's not essential.

Travel industry professionals can advocate for ethical AI practices within their organisations, pushing back against dark patterns and manipulative design. They can educate travellers about data practices and offer genuine choices about privacy. They can prioritise long-term trust over short-term optimisation.

More than 50% of travel agencies used generative AI in 2024 to help customers with the booking process, yet less than 15% of travel agencies and tour operators currently use AI tools, indicating significant room for growth and evolution in how these technologies are deployed. This adoption phase represents an opportunity to shape norms and practices before they become entrenched.

The Choice Before Us

We stand at an inflection point in travel technology. The AI personalisation systems being built today will shape travel experiences for decades to come. The data architecture, privacy practices, and algorithmic approaches being implemented now will be difficult to undo once they become infrastructure.

The fundamental tension is between optimisation and openness, between the algorithm that knows exactly what you want and the possibility that you don't yet know what you want yourself. Between the curated experience that maximises predicted satisfaction and the unstructured exploration that creates space for transformation.

This isn't a Luddite rejection of technology. AI personalisation offers genuine benefits: reduced decision fatigue, discovery of options matching niche preferences, accessibility improvements for travellers with disabilities or language barriers, and efficiency gains that make travel more affordable and accessible.

For travellers with mobility limitations, AI systems that automatically filter for wheelchair-accessible hotels and attractions provide genuine liberation. For those with dietary restrictions or allergies, personalisation that surfaces safe dining options offers peace of mind. For language learners, systems that match proficiency levels to destination difficulty facilitate growth. These are not trivial conveniences but meaningful enhancements to the travel experience.

But these benefits need not come at the cost of privacy, autonomy, and serendipity. Technical alternatives exist. Regulatory frameworks are emerging. Consumer awareness is growing.

What's required is intentionality: a collective decision about what kind of travel future we want to build. Do we want a world where every journey is optimised, predicted, and curated, where the algorithm decides what experiences are worth having? Or do we want to preserve space for privacy, for genuine choice, for unexpected discovery?

The sixty-six percent of travellers who reported being more interested in travel now than before the pandemic, according to McKinsey's 2024 survey, represent an enormous economic force. If these travellers demand better privacy protections, genuine transparency, and algorithmic systems designed for exploration rather than exploitation, the industry will respond.

Consumer power remains underutilised in this equation. Individual travellers often feel powerless against platform policies and opaque algorithms, but collectively they represent the revenue stream that sustains the entire industry. Coordinated demand for privacy-protective alternatives, willingness to pay premium prices for surveillance-free services, and vocal resistance to manipulative practices could shift commercial incentives.

Travel has always occupied a unique place in human culture. It's been seen as transformative, educational, consciousness-expanding. The grand tour, the gap year, the pilgrimage, the journey of self-discovery: these archetypes emphasise travel's potential to change us, to expose us to difference, to challenge our assumptions.

Algorithmic personalisation, taken to its logical extreme, threatens this transformative potential. If we only see what algorithms predict we'll like based on what we've liked before, we remain imprisoned in our past preferences. We encounter not difference but refinement of sameness. The algorithm becomes not a window to new experiences but a mirror reflecting our existing biases back to us with increasing precision.

The algorithm may know where you'll go next. But perhaps the more important question is: do you want it to? And if not, what are you willing to do about it?

The answer lies not in rejection but in intentional adoption. Use AI tools, but understand their limitations. Accept personalisation, but demand transparency about its mechanisms. Enjoy curated recommendations, but deliberately seek out the uncurated. Let algorithms reduce friction and surface options, but make the consequential choices yourself.

Travel technology should serve human flourishing, not corporate surveillance. It should expand possibility rather than narrow it. It should enable discovery rather than dictate it. Achieving this requires vigilance from travellers, responsibility from companies, and effective regulation from governments. The age of AI travel personalisation has arrived. The question is whether we'll shape it to human values or allow it to shape us.

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Sources and References

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McKinsey & Company. (2024). “The promise of travel in the age of AI.” McKinsey & Company.

McKinsey & Company. (2024). “Remapping travel with agentic AI.” McKinsey & Company.

McKinsey & Company. (2024). “The State of Travel and Hospitality 2024.” Survey of more than 5,000 travellers across China, Germany, UAE, UK, and United States.

Nature. (2024). “Inevitable challenges of autonomy: ethical concerns in personalized algorithmic decision-making.” Humanities and Social Sciences Communications.

Oliver Wyman. (2024, May). “This Is How Generative AI Is Making Travel Planning Easier.” Oliver Wyman.

Transportation Security Administration. (2024). “TSA PreCheck® Touchless ID: Evaluating Facial Identification Technology.” U.S. Department of Homeland Security.

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Verizon. (2025). “2025 Data Breach Investigations Report.” Verizon Business.

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Tim Green UK-based Systems Theorist & Independent Technology Writer

Tim explores the intersections of artificial intelligence, decentralised cognition, and posthuman ethics. His work, published at smarterarticles.co.uk, challenges dominant narratives of technological progress while proposing interdisciplinary frameworks for collective intelligence and digital stewardship.

His writing has been featured on Ground News and shared by independent researchers across both academic and technological communities.

ORCID: 0009-0002-0156-9795 Email: tim@smarterarticles.co.uk

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